Introduction The safety of humans in crowded environments has been recognised as an
important and rapidly growing research area with significant implications for urban planning …

This article presents a review of the use of optimisation models for pedestrian evacuation
and design problems. The articles are classified according to the problem type that is …

Evacuation modelling has developed over time from simple engineering equations that do
not consider behavioral tendencies to more sophisticated models with the potential to …

Emergency evacuation in case of an emergency is a crucial problem in high-rise buildings,
as many occupants are in a limited amount of space. To improve building safety design and …

In the event of fires and other hazards, visual guidance systems that support evacuation are
critical for the safety of individuals. Current visual guidances for evacuations are typically …

In educational facility interiors, the risk of congestion and trampling among occupants during
the evacuation process presents a significant safety concern. Therefore, assessing the risk …

People with disabilities are one of the most vulnerable groups involved in building fires.
According to US Fire Administration, an estimated 700 home fires involve people with …

The characteristics of pedestrian movement down stairs from high-rise building influence the
total evacuation time, the formation of congestion and even the safety of evacuees. In this …

The duration of the evacuation process in case of emergencies in tall buildings is a crucial
issue. Various factors have significant impact on the evacuation time, eg stairwell geometry …

This paper presents an enhanced social force model to describe the pedestrian's movement
and evacuation dynamics on stairs. Compared with original models that described the …