The neuromodulator systems mediating the central component of the hypoxic ventilatory
response (HVR) during development are complex and diverse. The early component of the …

The ectothermic vertebrates are a diverse group that includes the Fishes (Agnatha,
Chondrichthyes, and Osteichthyes), and the stem Tetrapods (Amphibians and Reptiles) …

Though the mechanics of breathing differ fundamentally between amniotes and “lower”
vertebrates, homologous rhythm generators may drive air breathing in all lunged …

Isolated brainstem preparations from larval (tadpole) and adult Rana catesbeiana were
used to examine inhibitory mechanisms for developmental regulation of the respiratory …

Background After completion of embryogenesis, many organisms experience an additional
obligatory developmental transition to attain a substantially different juvenile or adult form …

The lobster heart is synaptically driven by the cardiac ganglion, a spontaneously bursting
neural network residing within the cardiac lumen. Here, we present evidence that nitric oxide …

This study examined the direct effects of tricaine methanesulfonate (MS-222), a sodium-
channel blocking local anesthetic, on respiratory motor output using an in vitro brain stem …

We have explored the possible modulation by nitric oxide (NO) of inhibitory synaptic
transmission mediated by either glycine or GABA during episodes of rhythmic fictive …

Frogs are routinely used in physiology teaching laboratories to demonstrate important
physiological processes. There have been recent directives that promote the use of the …

The frog, with two distinct ventilatory acts, provides a useful model to investigate the
prospective interaction of two oscillators in generating the respiratory rhythm. Building on …