The growing number of artificial structures in estuarine, coastal and marine environments is
causing “ocean sprawl”. Artificial structures do not only modify marine and coastal …

As the EU's commitment to renewable energy is projected to grow to 20% of energy
generation by 2020, the use of marine renewable energy from wind, wave and tidal …

Extensive development and construction in marine and coastal systems is driving a
phenomenon known as “ocean sprawl”. Ocean sprawl removes or transforms marine …

In recent years, offshore wind energy in the shelf seas of the southern North Sea is
experiencing a strong growth. Foundations are introduced in mainly sandy sediments, and …

The importance of molluscan-dominated systems (eg, oysters reefs, mussel beds, vermetid
gastropods) to the maintenance of commercially and ecologically important species has not …

The rapid worldwide growth of offshore renewable energy production will provide marine
organisms with new hard substrate for colonization, thus acting as artificial reefs. The …

As a peak in the global number of offshore oil rigs requiring decommissioning approaches,
there is growing pressure for the implementation of a “rigs‐to‐reefs” program in the deep …

Beneath the coastal waters of the world lie thousands of artificial reefs. Some are old and
retired freighters and ships that once plied the oceans of the world but now serve as habitats …

The growing development of offshore wind energy installations across the North Sea is
producing new hard anthropogenic structures in the natural soft sediments, causing …

Inshore marine areas host key habitats for the biological cycle of many marine populations,
but are subject to strong anthropogenic pressure. Uses of inshore areas are multiple and …