Climate change is a long-lasting change in the weather arrays across tropics to polls. It is a
global threat that has embarked on to put stress on various sectors. This study is aimed to …

Climatic extremes are becoming increasingly common against a background trend of global
warming. In the oceans, marine heatwaves (MHWs)—discrete periods of anomalously warm …

Climate change is causing an increase in the frequency and intensity of marine heatwaves
(MHWs) and mass mortality events (MMEs) of marine organisms are one of their main …

Marine foundation species are the biotic basis for many of the world's coastal ecosystems,
providing structural habitat, food, and protection for myriad plants and animals as well as …

BACKGROUND Anthropogenic climate change is altering the structure and functioning of
ecosystems globally. The upper layers of the oceans have absorbed> 90% of the excess …

Ocean temperature variability is a fundamental component of the Earth's climate system, and
extremes in this variability affect the health of marine ecosystems around the world. The …

The ocean is warming, losing oxygen and being acidified, primarily as a result of
anthropogenic carbon emissions. With ocean warming, acidification and deoxygenation …

The ocean is a key component of the Earth system (Chapter 1) as it provides essential life
supporting services (Inniss et al. 2017). For example, it stores heat trapped in the …

Marine heatwaves (MHWs)—periods of extremely high ocean temperatures in specific
regions—have occurred in all of Earth's ocean basins over the past two decades, with …

As anthropogenic climate change continues the risks to biodiversity will increase over time,
with future projections indicating that a potentially catastrophic loss of global biodiversity is …