Cytokine dysregulation is believed to play a key role in the remodeling of the immune
system at older age, with evidence pointing to an inability to fine-control systemic …

The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is a vital boundary between neural tissue and circulating
blood. The BBB's unique and protective features control brain homeostasis as well as ion …

Mitochondrial dysfunction and axon loss are hallmarks of neurologic diseases. Gasdermin
(GSDM) proteins are executioner pore-forming molecules that mediate cell death, yet their …

Chronic, low grade, sterile inflammation frequently accompanies aging and age-related
diseases. Cellular senescence is associated with the production of proinflammatory …

Parkinson disease (PD) follows a defined clinical pattern, and a range of nonmotor
symptoms precede the motor phase. The predominant early nonmotor manifestations are …

Macrophages are important players in the fight against viral, bacterial, fungal and parasitic
infections. From a resting state they may undertake two activation pathways, the classical …

Disturbance of the brain homeostasis, either directly via the formation of abnormal proteins
or cerebral hypo-perfusion, or indirectly via peripheral inflammation, will activate microglia to …

Recent evidence provides support for involvement of the microbiota-gut-brain axis in
Parkinson's disease (PD) pathogenesis. We propose that a pro-inflammatory intestinal …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic and progressive disorder characterized
neuropathologically by loss of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra, intracellular …

Background Long-term exposure to fine particles (particulate matter≤ 2.5 μm; PM2. 5) has
been consistently linked to heart and lung disease. Recently, there has been increased …