Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are germline-encoded pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that
play a central role in host cell recognition and responses to microbial pathogens. TLR …

NF-κB was first discovered and characterized 25 years ago as a key regulator of inducible
gene expression in the immune system. Thus, it is not surprising that the clearest biological …

The innate immune system constitutes the first line of defense against invading microbial
pathogens and relies on a large family of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which detect …

Infection of cells by microorganisms activates the inflammatory response. The initial sensing
of infection is mediated by innate pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which include Toll …

Microorganisms that invade a vertebrate host are initially recognized by the innate immune
system through germline-encoded pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs). Several classes of …

Innate immune receptors have a key role in immune surveillance by sensing
microorganisms and initiating protective immune responses. However, the innate immune …

The mammalian innate immune system detects the presence of microbial infection through
germ line-encoded pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Toll-like receptors, retinoic acid …

Cerebral malaria is among the major causes of malaria-associated mortality and effective
adjunctive therapeutic strategies are currently lacking. Central pathophysiological processes …

The Toll-like receptor (TLR) family plays an instructive role in innate immune responses
against microbial pathogens, as well as the subsequent induction of adaptive immune …

Toxoplasma gondii is a protozoan parasite of global importance. In the laboratory setting, T.
gondii is frequently used as a model pathogen to study mechanisms of T helper 1 (TH1) cell …