Eukaryotic cells are characterized by multiple chemically distinct compartments, one of the
most notable being the nucleus. Within these compartments, there is a continuous exchange …

In vitro metabolic systems allow the reconstitution of natural and new-to-nature pathways
outside of their cellular context and are of increasing interest in bottom-up synthetic biology …

Life is hypothesized to have emerged in a heterogenous prebiotic soup that potentially
comprised a variety of chemical moieties. One relevant consideration in this scenario is that …

Life can be defined as “a self-sustaining chemical system capable of Darwinian evolution” 1.
Accordingly, life can be regarded as a process rather than an object. To understand how life …

The “Protein synthesis Using Recombinant Elements”(“PURE”) system is a minimal
biochemical system capable of carrying out cell-free protein synthesis using defined …

Ribosome biogenesis is pivotal in the self-replication of life. In Escherichia coli, three
ribosomal RNAs and 54 ribosomal proteins are synthesized and subjected to cooperative …

We report efforts to quantify the loading of cell-sized lipid vesicles using in-line digital
holographic microscopy. This method does not require fluorescent reporters, fluorescent …

Multifunctional colloidal microgels that exhibit stimuli-responsive behaviour and excellent
biocompatibility have attracted particular attention for develo** functional …

Cell-free transcription–translation (TX–TL) systems have been used for diverse applications,
but their performance and scope are limited by variability and poor predictability. To …

Condensates formed by liquid–liquid phase separation are promising candidates for the
development of synthetic cells and organelles. Here, we show that bacterial …