The human microbiome is composed of a collection of dynamic microbial communities that
inhabit various anatomical locations in the body. Accordingly, the coevolution of the …

The colon mucus layer is organized with an inner colon mucus layer that is impenetrable to
bacteria and an outer mucus layer that is expanded to allow microbiota colonization. A major …

Gut microorganisms modulate host phenotypes and are associated with numerous health
effects in humans, ranging from host responses to cancer immunotherapy to metabolic …

Observational findings achieved during the past two decades suggest that the intestinal
microbiota may contribute to the metabolic health of the human host and, when aberrant, to …

The microbiomes on human body surfaces affect health in multiple ways. They include not
only commensal or mutualistic bacteria but also potentially pathogenic bacteria, which can …

The human gastrointestinal tract (GI) harbors a diverse population of microbial life that
continually shapes host pathophysiological responses. Despite readily available abundant …

A key role of the gut microbiota in the establishment and maintenance of health, as well as in
the pathogenesis of disease, has been identified over the past two decades. One of the …

Microbially derived short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in the human gut are tightly coupled to
host metabolism, immune regulation and integrity of the intestinal epithelium. However, the …

In the last two decades, considerable interest has been shown in understanding the
development of the gut microbiota and its internal and external effects on the intestine, as …

Genetically encoded small molecules (secondary metabolites) play eminent roles in
ecological interactions, as pathogenicity factors and as drug leads. Yet, these chemical …