Abstract The Hindu Kush–Karakoram–Himalayan system, named the Third Pole because it
is the largest global store of frozen water after the polar regions, provides a reliable water …

Rapid Arctic environmental change affects the entire Earth system as thawing permafrost
ecosystems release greenhouse gases to the atmosphere. Understanding how much …

Arctic permafrost stores nearly 1,700 billion metric tons of frozen and thawing carbon.
Anthropogenic warming threatens to release an unknown quantity of this carbon to the …

Soil hydrological processes (SHP) support ecosystems, modulate the impact of climate
change on terrestrial systems and control feedback mechanisms between water, energy and …

Tip** elements are components of the Earth system which may respond nonlinearly to
anthropogenic climate change by transitioning toward substantially different long‐term …

Accurate representation of permafrost carbon emissions is crucial for climate projections, yet
current Earth system models inadequately represent permafrost carbon. Sustained funding …

The ice-and organic-rich permafrost of the northeast Siberian Arctic lowlands (NESAL) has
been projected to remain stable beyond 2100, even under pessimistic climate warming …

Soil moisture (SM) plays a significant role in water, energy, and carbon cycles, and is a key
variable related to multiple sustainable development goals. The frequent occurrence of …

Unabated 21st-century climate change will accelerate Arctic-Subarctic permafrost thaw
which can intensify microbial degradation of carbon-rich soils, methane emissions, and …

Climate change impacts the vulnerability of drinking water sources to contamination and
water shortages. This review highlights key risk factors along the impact chain of climate …