Understanding the mechanism by which patterned gene activity leads to mechanical
deformation of cells and tissues to create complex forms is a major challenge for …

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The shape and function of plant cells are often highly interdependent. The puzzle-shaped
cells that appear in the epidermis of many plants are a striking example of a complex cell …

As the outermost layer of plants, the epidermis serves as a critical interface between plants
and the environment. During leaf development, the differentiation of specialized epidermal …

Cell polarization is a key step in the migration, development, and organization of eukaryotic
cells, both at the single cell and multicellular level. Research on the mechanisms that give …

Leaves vary from planar sheets and needle-like structures to elaborate cup-shaped traps.
Here, we show that in the carnivorous plant Utricularia gibba, the upper leaf (adaxial) …

The periodic formation of plant organs such as leaves and flowers gives rise to intricate
patterns that have fascinated biologists and mathematicians alike for hundreds of years [1] …

The lifespan of plants ranges from a few weeks in annuals to thousands of years in trees. It is
hard to explain such extreme longevity considering that DNA replication errors inevitably …

How appendages, such as plant leaves or animal limbs, develop asymmetric shapes
remains a fundamental question in biology. Although ongoing research has revealed the …

As our knowledge of the complexity of hormone homeostasis, transport, perception, and
response increases, and their outputs become less intuitive, modelling is set to become …