The Argo Program has been implemented and sustained for almost two decades, as a
global array of about 4000 profiling floats. Argo provides continuous observations of ocean …

Turbulent mixing from breaking oceanic internal waves drives a vertical transport of water,
heat and other climatically important tracers in the ocean, thereby playing an important role …

The ocean is a key component of the Earth system (Chapter 1) as it provides essential life
supporting services (Inniss et al. 2017). For example, it stores heat trapped in the …

The deep ocean below 200 m water depth is the least observed, but largest habitat on our
planet by volume and area. Over 150 years of exploration has revealed that this dynamic …

We revisit the challenges and prospects for ocean circulation models following Griffies et al..
Over the past decade, ocean circulation models evolved through improved understanding …

Until recently, high-resolution global modeling of tides has been done separately from high-
resolution global modeling of the atmospherically-forced oceanic general circulation. Here …

Uncertainties in ocean-mixing parameterizations are primary sources for ocean and climate
modeling biases. Due to lack of process understanding, traditional physics-driven …

Turbulent mixing in the ocean is key to regulate the transport of heat, freshwater and
biogeochemical tracers, with strong implications for Earth's climate. In the deep ocean, tides …

The Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) represents the zonally integrated
stream function of meridional volume transport in the Atlantic Basin. The AMOC plays an …

Vertical mixing is often regarded as the Achilles' heel of ocean models. In particular, few
models include a comprehensive and energy‐constrained parameterization of mixing by …