Therapeutic targeting of noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), such as microRNAs (miRNAs) and
long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), represents an attractive approach for the treatment of …

The immune system enables organisms to combat infections and to eliminate endogenous
challenges. Immune responses can be evoked through diverse inducible pathways …

Innate immunity against pathogens relies on an array of immune receptors to detect
molecular patterns that are characteristic of the pathogens, including receptors that are …

All lifeforms have developed highly sophisticated systems equipped to detect altered self
and non-self nucleic acids (NA). In vertebrates, NA-sensing receptors safeguard the integrity …

The RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs) RIG-I, MDA5, and LGP2 play a major role in pathogen
sensing of RNA virus infection to initiate and modulate antiviral immunity. The RLRs detect …

The mammalian innate immune system detects the presence of microbial infection through
germ line-encoded pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Toll-like receptors, retinoic acid …

RNAi is a potent technique for the knockdown of target genes. However, its potential off-
target effects limit the widespread applications in both reverse genetic analysis and genetic …

The structural basis for the distinction of viral RNA from abundant self RNA in the cytoplasm
of virally infected cells is largely unknown. We demonstrated that the 5′-triphosphate end of …

The ribonucleic acid (RNA) helicases retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I) and melanoma
differentiation–associated gene 5 (MDA5) recognize distinct viral and synthetic RNAs …

RNA interference (RNAi) is a natural process through which expression of a targeted gene
can be knocked down with high specificity and selectivity. Using available technology and …