The array of end organ innervations of the vagus nerve, coupled with increased basic
science evidence, has led to vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) being explored as a …

Bell9s palsy is a common cranial neuropathy causing acute unilateral lower motor neuron
facial paralysis. Immune, infective and ischaemic mechanisms are all potential contributors …

Facial movements support a variety of functions in human behavior. They participate in
automatic somatic and visceral motor programs, they are essential in producing …

Scalp acupuncture (SA), as a modern acupuncture therapy in the treatment of brain
diseases, especially for acute ischemic strokes, has accumulated a wealth of experience …

Background Vagus nerve stimulation is increasingly applied to treat epilepsy, psychiatric
conditions and potentially chronic heart failure. After implanting vagus nerve electrodes to …

Hilton's Law, put forth 150 years ago, is well known and frequently taught in anatomy
courses. We critically analyzed the complex description of associated muscular, cutaneous …

The human craniofacial muscles innervated by the facial nerve typically lack muscle
spindles. However these muscles have proprioception that participates in the coordination of …

Proprioception is a quality of sensibility that originates in specialized sensory organs
(proprioceptors) that inform the central nervous system about static and dynamic conditions …

Auricular vagal nerve stimulation (AVNS) is an evolving neuromodulation technology that
has a wide range of therapeutic applications across multiple disciplines of medical science …

The individual appearance and facial expression are based on the musculoskeletal system
of the face. The bones of the face contribute to the anterior portion of the skull. This region is …