Increasingly strict fuel efficiency standards have driven the aerospace and automotive
industries to improve the fuel economy of their fleets. A key method for feasibly improving the …

Background Electronic cigarettes (EC) deliver aerosol by heating fluid containing nicotine.
Cartomizer EC combine the fluid chamber and heating element in a single unit. Because EC …

Metal whiskers often grow across leads of electric equipment and electronic package
causing current leakage or short circuits and raising significant reliability issues. The nature …

Pure Sn plating on ceramic chip capacitors was tested by thermal cycling both in air and in
vacuum for up to 3000 cycles and the whisker growth mechanism was clarified. A thin …

Spontaneous Sn whisker growth is a surface relief phenomenon of creep, driven by a
compressive stress gradient. No externally applied stress is required for the growth, and the …

Thermal oxidation of metals in a furnace or a hot plate is a simple and low‐cost method to
grow nanowires and other nanostructures of oxides of technological interest. In comparison …

Introducing Bi in the coating of Sn on copper surfaces for chemical bonding with prepreg
was proposed to inhibit the serious whisker growth of Sn in the post–application process …

Tin (Sn) whiskers are electrically conductive, single crystal eruptions that grow from Sn film
surfaces. Their high aspect ratio presents reliability problems for the electronics industry due …

With the development of lead-free electronic devices, the failure caused by the growth of tin
whiskers poses a potential threat to the reliability of electronic products. In this study, the …

This paper presents the results of an eight-month design-of-experiment assessment of
whisker growth on bright and matte tin-plated copper, mechanically deformed and unformed …