Abstract Background Directed acyclic graphs (DAGs) are an increasingly popular approach
for identifying confounding variables that require conditioning when estimating causal …

Background Late presentation for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) care is a major
impediment for the success of antiretroviral therapy (ART) outcomes. The role that stigma …

Background In longitudinal data, it is common to create 'change scores' by subtracting
measurements taken at baseline from those taken at follow-up, and then to analyse the …

Background HIV testing rates are suboptimal among at-risk men. Crowdsourcing may be a
useful tool for designing innovative, community-based HIV testing strategies to increase HIV …

Background Social attitudes toward male homosexuality in China so far are still not
optimistic. Sexual minorities in China have reported high levels of internalized homophobia …

Introduction HIV self‐testing (HIVST) offers an alternative to facility‐based HIV testing
services, particularly for populations such as men who have sex with men (MSM) who may …

Introduction Numerous effective HIV prevention options exist, including behaviour change
interventions, condom promotion and biomedical interventions, like voluntary medical male …

Introduction Nearly 40 years into the HIV epidemic, the persistence of HIV stigma is a matter
of grave urgency. Discrimination (ie enacted stigma) in healthcare settings is particularly …