Tip** elements are components of the Earth system which may respond nonlinearly to
anthropogenic climate change by transitioning toward substantially different long‐term …

The notion that the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) can have more than
one stable equilibrium emerged in the 1980s as a powerful hypothesis to explain rapid …

Abstract In 2012, Hurricane Sandy hit the East Coast of the United States, creating
widespread coastal flooding and over 60billioninreportedeconomicdamage.Thepotentialinfluenceofclimatechangeonth …

Coastal flood damage and adaptation costs under 21st century sea-level rise are assessed
on a global scale taking into account a wide range of uncertainties in continental topography …

Sea‐level rise due to both climate change and non‐climatic factors threatens coastal
settlements, infrastructure, and ecosystems. Projections of mean global sea‐level (GSL) rise …

The rate at which global mean sea level (GMSL) rose during the 20th century is uncertain,
with little consensus between various reconstructions that indicate rates of rise ranging from …

Most of the policy debate surrounding the actions needed to mitigate and adapt to
anthropogenic climate change has been framed by observations of the past 150 years as …

There is debate about slowing of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC), a
key component of the global climate system. Some focus is on the sea surface temperature …

Climate warming does not force sea-level rise (SLR) at the same rate everywhere. Rather,
there are spatial variations of SLR superimposed on a global average rise. These variations …

This chapter considers changes in global mean sea level, regional sea level, sea level
extremes, and waves. Confidence in projections of global mean sea level rise has increased …