Monitoring and modulating the diversity of signals used by neurons and glia in a closed-loop
fashion is necessary to establish causative links between biochemical processes within the …

Breakthroughs in biomedicine and synthetic bioengineering require predictive, rational
control over anatomical structure and function. Recent successes in manipulating cellular …

Optogenetic manipulation of neuronal activity through excitatory and inhibitory opsins has
become an indispensable experimental strategy in neuroscience research. For many …

Optogenetic silencing allows time-resolved functional interrogation of defined neuronal
populations. However, the limitations of inhibitory optogenetic tools impose stringent …

Animals display selective escape behaviors when faced with environmental threats.
Selection of the appropriate response by the underlying neuronal network is key to …

Gq proteins are universally important for signal transduction in mammalian cells. The
underlying kinetics and transformation from extracellular stimuli into intracellular signaling …

The naturally occurring channelrhodopsin variant anion channelrhodopsin-1 (ACR1),
discovered in the cryptophyte algae Guillardia theta, exhibits large light-gated anion …

Neurophotonics was launched in 2014 coinciding with the launch of the BRAIN Initiative
focused on development of technologies for advancement of neuroscience. For the last …

Optogenetic techniques permit studies of excitable tissue through genetically expressed
light-gated microbial channels or pumps permitting transmembrane ion movement. Light …

Channelrhodopsins (ChRs) are light-gated ion channels widely used as optogenetic tools
for manipulating neuronal activity. The currently characterized ChR families include green …