Cells coordinate intracellular activities in response to changes in the extracellular
environment to maximize their probability of survival and proliferation. Eukaryotic cells need …

An appropriate response and adaptation to hyperosmolarity, ie., an external osmolarity that
is higher than the physiological range, can be a matter of life or death for all cells. It is …

Environmental stresses are usually active during the process of microbial fermentation and
have significant influence on microbial physiology. Microorganisms have developed a series …

Toxic metals and metalloids are widespread in nature and can locally reach fairly high
concentrations. To ensure cellular protection and survival in such environments, all …

Signal transduction pathways control cellular responses to extrinsic and intrinsic signals.
The yeast HOG (High Osmolarity Glycerol) response pathway mediates cellular adaptation …

Fungal species display an extraordinarily diverse range of lifestyles. Nevertheless, the
survival of each species depends on its ability to sense and respond to changes in its …

Stress‐activated protein kinases (SAPKs) are key elements for intracellular signalling
networks that serve to respond and adapt to extracellular changes. Exposure of yeast to high …

Healthy cells utilize intricate systems to monitor their environment and mount robust
responses in the event of cellular stress. Whether stress arises from external insults or …

Polyphosphate (polyP) is a linear chain of up to hundreds of inorganic phosphate residues
that is necessary for many physiological functions in all living organisms. In some bacteria …

Upon environmental changes or extracellular signals, cells are subjected to marked
changes in gene expression,. Dealing with high levels of transcription during replication is …