All metazoans possess innate immune defence system whereas parameters of the adaptive
immune system make their first appearance in the gnathostomata, the jawed vertebrates …

Increases in river fragmentation globally threaten freshwater biodiversity. Rivers are
fragmented by many agents, both natural and anthropogenic. We review the distribution and …

Twenty‐five years of extensive water temperature data show regionally coherent warming to
have occurred in Alpine rivers and streams at all altitudes, reflecting changes in regional air …

Numerous diseases have emerged as serious economic or ecological problems in
aquaculture species. The combination of factors behind the emergence of each disease is …

Fish larvae in aquaculture have high mortality rates due to pathogenic bacteria, especially
the Vibrio species, and ineffective prophylactic strategies. Vaccination is not feasible in …

Owing to the increasing importance of aquaculture to compensate for the progressive
worldwide reduction of natural fish and to the fact that several fish farming plants often suffer …

Proliferative kidney disease (PKD) is a disease of salmonid fish caused by the endoparasitic
myxozoan, Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae, which uses freshwater bryozoans as primary …

This paper draws together several lines of argument to suggest that an ecohydrological
framework, ie laboratory, field and theoretical approaches focused on hydrologic controls on …

A risk framework has been developed to examine the influence of climate change on
disease emergence in the United Kingdom. The fish immune response and the replication of …

A Bayesian probability network has been developed to integrate the various scientific
findings of an interdisciplinary research project on brown trout and their habitat in …