In the last decades, 3D city models appear to have been predominantly used for
visualisation; however, today they are being increasingly employed in a number of domains …

The level of detail (LOD) concept of the OGC standard CityGML 2.0 is intended to
differentiate multi-scale representations of semantic 3D city models. The concept is in …

The increasing interest in solar energy production in urban areas requires an accurate
simulation of solar irradiation on building surfaces, including vertical surfaces. However …

There has been a great deal of research about errors in geographic information and how
they affect spatial analyses. A typical GIS process introduces various types of errors at …

Abstract 3D city models are characterised by the level of detail (LOD), which indicates their
spatio-semantic complexity. Modelling data in finer LODs results in visually appealing …

Simplification of 3D building models is an important way to improve rendering efficiency.
When existing algorithms are directly applied to simplify multi-component models, generally …

Urban sprawl and energy consumption issues suggest to consider how to design energy
efficient dense cities. Solar radiation is a significant heat input in well insulated buildings in …

Daylight spectral simulation is crucial for designing functional, healthy spaces and predicting
light interactions. It is essential for accurate non-image-forming effects of light calculations …

Solar simulation for 3D city models may be a complex task if detailed geometry is taken into
account. For this reason, the models are often approximated by simpler geometry to reduce …

Urban physics is seeking its place between two better structured scales, that of
environmental physics and that of building physics. The intermediate level of the city and the …