Although fish immunology has progressed in the last few years, the contribution of the
normal endogenous microbiota to the overall health status has been so far underestimated …

The head kidney, analogous to the mammalian adrenal gland, is an organ unique for teleost
fish. It comprises cytokine-producing lymphoid cells from the immune system and endocrine …

Background The zebrafish has become a widely used model to study disease resistance
and immunity. Although the genes encoding many components of immune signaling …

It is generally considered that stress causes decreased immune function in fish. In this study
we examined in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar Linnaeus) the effects of both short-(a single …

The endocrine stress response is pivotal in vertebrate physiology. The stress hormone
cortisol—the end product of the endocrine stress axis—(re-) directs energy flows for optimal …

A characteristic feature of the behavioural response to intensely acute or chronic stressors is
a reduction in appetite. In fish, as in other vertebrates, the corticotropin-releasing factor …

Recently, there has been a controversy about the hazards of toxic substances released to
the aquatic biota. Therefore, the current context is the first attempt to assess the ability of a …

The cytokine network is an important homeostatic system with potent activities in immune
surveillance, growth, developmental and repair processes. Although interleukin-1β (IL-1β) is …

Sea-caged cod are limited in their movements in the water column, and thus can be
exposed to large seasonal (∼ 0–20° C) temperature fluctuations. To investigate the …

Development of adaptive immunity in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) surviving a
primary infection with 5× 105CFU Yersinia ruckeri O1 (LD50 dose) was investigated by …