Humans and other species explore a visual scene by making rapid eye movements
(saccades) two to three times every second. Although the eyes may appear immobile in the …

For most individuals, balancing upright is a simple task that requires little effort. The inherent
difficulties associated with standing balance are not revealed until a pathology or injury …

The mammalian retina is an important model system for studying neural circuitry: Its role in
sensation is clear, its cell types are relatively well defined, and its responses to natural …

Lateral interactions in the outer retina, particularly negative feedback from horizontal cells to
cones and direct feed-forward input from horizontal cells to bipolar cells, play a number of …

How is space represented in the visual system? At first glance, the answer to this
fundamental question appears straightforward: spatial information is directly encoded in the …

The fovea is a specialized region of the retina that dominates the visual perception of
primates by providing high chromatic and spatial acuity. While the foveal and peripheral …

A fundamental question about the perception of time is whether the neural mechanisms
underlying temporal judgements are universal and centralized in the brain or modality …

Humans and other species continually perform microscopic eye movements, even when
attending to a single point [1–3]. These movements, which include drifts and microsaccades …

The responses of neurons in lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) exhibit powerful suppressive
phenomena such as contrast saturation, size tuning, and masking. These phenomena …

Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) are the projection neurons of the retina and transmit visual
information to postsynaptic targets in the brain. While this function is shared among nearly …