Background Tumors are highly plastic metabolic entities composed of cancer and host cells
that can adopt different metabolic phenotypes. For energy production, cancer cells may use …

Hypoxia, low oxygen (O2) level, is a hallmark of solid cancers, especially hepatocellular
carcinoma (HCC), one of the most common and fatal cancers worldwide. Hypoxia …

The metabolic rewiring of cardiomyocytes is a widely accepted hallmark of heart failure (HF).
These metabolic changes include a decrease in mitochondrial pyruvate oxidation and an …

The presence of lactate in human tumours has been long neglected, confined to the role of a
waste product derived from glycolysis and as a biomarker of malignancy. More recently …

Malignant transformation of cells leads to enhanced glucose uptake and the conversion of a
larger fraction of pyruvate into lactate, even under normoxic conditions; this phenomenon of …

As a result of metabolic reprogramming, cancer cells display high rates of glycolysis,
causing an excess production of lactate along with an increase in extracellular acidity …

Pyruvate occupies a central metabolic node by virtue of its position at the crossroads of
glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and its production and fate being governed …

Hypoxia, characterized by reduced oxygen concentration, is a significant stressor that affects
the survival of aerobic species and plays a prominent role in cardiovascular diseases. From …

Glioblastoma (GBM) is an incurable brain tumor in which hypoxic GBM cells (GMs) increase
the production and release of exosomes, which are 30–200 nm vesicles crossing the blood …

The brain exchanges nutrients and small molecules with blood via the blood–brain barrier
(BBB). Approximately 20% energy intake for the body is consumed by the brain. Glucose is …