Abstract Changes in ocean heat content (OHC) provide a measure of ocean warming, with
impacts on the Earth system. This Review synthesizes estimates of past and future OHC …

The current Earth's energy imbalance (EEI) is mostly caused by human activity, and is
driving global warming. The absolute value of EEI represents the most fundamental metric …

The Ocean Model Intercomparison Project (OMIP) is an endorsed project in the Coupled
Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6). OMIP addresses CMIP6 science …

Abstract The Southern Ocean is a primary heat sink that buffers atmospheric warming and
has warmed substantially, accounting for an outsized portion of global warming-induced …

Antarctic shelf ocean warming affects melt of ice shelf/sheets and sea ice but projected
changes vary vastly across climate models. A projected increase in El Niño variability has …

The Southern Ocean plays a fundamental role in global climate. With no continental barriers,
it distributes climate signals among the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans through its fast …

The Flux-Anomaly-Forced Model Intercomparison Project (FAFMIP) aims to investigate the
spread in simulations of sea-level and ocean climate change in response to CO 2 forcing by …

Ocean uptake of anthropogenic heat over the past 15 years has mostly occurred in the
Southern Ocean, based on Argo float observations. This agrees with historical simulations …

In the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5), the model-mean increase
in global mean surface air temperature T under the 1pctCO2 scenario (atmospheric CO2 …

Climate models show that most of the anthropogenic heat resulting from increased
atmospheric CO 2 enters the Southern Ocean near 60° S and is stored around 45° S. This …