The innate immune system detects pathogens via germline-encoded receptors that bind to
conserved pathogen ligands called pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Here …

BACKGROUND Pathogens cause agricultural devastation and huge economic losses. Up to
30% of our crops are lost before or after harvest to pathogens and pests, wasting water and …

INTRODUCTION Nucleotide-binding (NB), leucine-rich repeat (LRR) receptor (NLR)
proteins constitute a family of intracellular immune receptors in both animals and plants that …

Common oat (Avena sativa) is an important cereal crop serving as a valuable source of
forage and human food. Although reference genomes of many important crops have been …

Infectious disease is both a major force of selection in nature and a prime cause of yield loss
in agriculture. In plants, disease resistance is often conferred by nucleotide-binding leucine …

The extracellular forms of the IL‐1 cytokines are active through binding to specific receptors
on the surface of target cells. IL‐1 ligands bind to the extracellular portion of their ligand …

Race Ug99 (TTKSK) of Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici, detected in Uganda in 1998, has been
recognized as a serious threat to food security because it possesses combined virulence to …

In plant innate immunity, individual cells have the capacity to sense and respond to
pathogen attack. Intracellular recognition mechanisms have evolved to intercept …

Plants and pathogens constantly adapt to each other. As a consequence, many members of
the plant immune system, and especially the intracellular nucleotide-binding site leucine …

About 8,000 years ago in the Fertile Crescent, a spontaneous hybridization of the wild
diploid grass Aegilops tauschii (2 n= 14; DD) with the cultivated tetraploid wheat Triticum …