Hypertension is the most common chronic disease in the world, yet the precise cause of
elevated blood pressure often cannot be determined. Animal models have been useful for …

Potassium is the most abundant cation in the intracellular fluid, and maintaining the proper
distribution of potassium across the cell membrane is critical for normal cell function. Long …

Potassium disorders are common in patients with kidney disease, particularly in patients
with tubular disorders and low glomerular filtration rate. A multidisciplinary group of …

Daily dietary potassium (K+) intake may be as large as the extracellular K+ pool. To avoid
acute hyperkalemia, rapid removal of K+ from the extracellular space is essential. This is …

The distal convoluted tubule is the nephron segment that lies immediately downstream of
the macula densa. Although short in length, the distal convoluted tubule plays a critical role …

Gain-of-function mutations in with no lysine (K) 1 (WNK1) and WNK4 genes are responsible
for familial hyperkalemic hypertension (FHHt), a rare, inherited disorder characterized by …

WNK kinases, along with their upstream regulators (CUL3/KLHL3) and downstream targets
(the SPAK/OSR1 kinases and the cation-Cl− cotransporters [CCCs]), comprise a signaling …

The kidney filters vast quantities of Na at the glomerulus but excretes a very small fraction of
this Na in the final urine. Although almost every nephron segment participates in the …

Familial hyperkalemic hypertension (FHHt) is a Mendelian form of arterial hypertension that
is partially explained by mutations in WNK1 and WNK4 that lead to increased activity of the …

Pseudohypoaldosteronism type II is a salt-sensitive form of hypertension with hyperkalemia
in humans caused by mutations in the with-no-lysine kinase 4 (WNK4). Several studies have …