Clientelism is characterized by the combination of particularistic targeting and contingency-
based exchange. This method of contingent exchange thrives in both autocracies and …

We inventory more than 150 studies of distributive politics in more than three dozen
countries other than the United States. We organize existing studies under two theories …

After decades of supporting free trade, in 2018 the United States raised import tariffs and
major trade partners retaliated. We analyze the short-run impact of this return to …

This book develops a framework for analyzing the creation and consolidation of democracy.
Different social groups prefer different political institutions because of the way they allocate …

Q You use the term" Pangiossian" in your current book to describe some trade economists
who believe there is little impact on wages in America from international trade and …

What determines the size and form of redistributive programs, the extent and type of public
goods provision, the burden of taxation across alternative tax bases, the size of government …

Brokers, Voters, and Clientelism addresses major questions in distributive politics. Why is it
acceptable for parties to try to win elections by promising to make certain groups of people …

This article introduces a large new cross‐country database, the Database of Political
Institutions. It covers 177 countries over 21 years, 1975–95. The article presents the intuition …

This landmark theoretical book is about the mechanisms by which special interest groups
affect policy in modern democracies. Defining a special interest group as any organization …

Political machines (or clientelist parties) mobilize electoral support by trading particularistic
benefits to voters in exchange for their votes. But if the secret ballot hides voters' actions from …