Salt stress simultaneously causes ionic toxicity, osmotic stress, and oxidative stress, which
directly impact plant growth and development. Plants have developed numerous strategies …

H+-ATPases, including the phosphorylated intermediate–type (P-type) and vacuolar-type (V-
type) H+-ATPases, are important ATP-driven proton pumps that generate membrane …

Plant cell walls are dynamic structures that are synthesized by plants to provide durable
coverings for the delicate cells they encase. They are made of polysaccharides, proteins …

Cell walls define the shape of plant cells, controlling the extent and orientation of cell
elongation, and hence organ growth. The main load-bearing component of plant cell walls is …

Plant cells are surrounded by a strong polysaccharide-rich cell wall that aids in determining
the overall form, growth and development of the plant body. Indeed, the unique shapes of …

All plant cells are surrounded by a cell wall that determines the directionality of cell growth
and protects the cell against its environment. Plant cell walls are comprised primarily of …

Plants remodel their cells through the dynamic endomembrane system. Intracellular pH is
important for membrane trafficking, but the determinants of pH homeostasis are poorly …

Cellulose is a critical component of plant cell walls. Cellulose is made at the plasma
membrane by cellulose synthase (CESA) enzymes organized into large, multi-subunit …

The plant cell walls surrounding all plant cells are highly dynamic structures, which change
their composition and organization in response to chemical and physical stimuli originating …

Plants largely rely on plasma membrane (PM)-resident receptor-like kinases (RLKs) to
sense extracellular and intracellular stimuli and coordinate cell differentiation, growth, and …