Recently, there has been a growing interest in learning approaches that combine two
phases: an initial problem-solving phase followed by an instruction phase (PS-I). Two often …

In the traditional framework of cognitive load theory, it is assumed that the acquisition of
domain-specific knowledge structures (or schemas) is the only instructional goal, and …

According to cognitive load theory, instructions can impose three types of cognitive load on
the learner: intrinsic load, extraneous load, and germane load. Proper measurement of the …

In two studies, we investigated whether a recently developed psychometric instrument can
differentiate intrinsic, extraneous, and germane cognitive load. Study I revealed a similar …

Cognitive load theory uses evolutionary theory to consider human cognitive architecture and
uses that architecture to devise novel, instructional procedures. The theory assumes that …

The interactions between levels of learner prior knowledge and effectiveness of different
instructional techniques and procedures have been intensively investigated within a …

Example-based learning has been studied from different perspectives. Cognitive research
has mainly focused on worked examples, which typically provide students with a written …

INTRODUCTION TO THE EXPERTISE REVERSAL PRINCIPLE Principles of multimedia
design have been developed mostly in studies with learners who had limited experience in …

The worked example effect is the best known and most widely studied of the cognitive load
effects. The field's relative emphasis on this effect is justified. In this discussion, I will briefly …

Research has demonstrated that instruction that relies more heavily on example study is
more effective for novices' learning than instruction consisting of problem solving …