Birds often accumulate large fat and protein reserves to fuel long-distance flights. While it is
well known that species that fly the longest accumulate the largest amounts of fuel …

Migration is an energetically expensive and hazardous stage of the annual cycle of non‐
resident avian species, and requires certain morphological adaptations. Wing shape is one …

BACKGROUND: As natural wetlands are decreased by increment of human demand, the
importance of rice fields as an alternative habitat for waterbirds is well documented …

Moult of feathers entails considerable physiological and energetic costs to an avian
organism. Even under favourable feeding conditions, endogenous body stores and energy …

1. Generally we use metric units in this book, hence the meters (1 m= 39.37 inches). One
exception to this rule is units of heat; we use calories, because these are more familiar to …

Bird migration, as an energy‐demanding activity, is expected to generate allocation trade‐
offs between important biological processes. For example, long‐distance migratory flights …

The relative ratio of the two main leukocyte types, heterophils (H) and lymphocytes (L), is
known to change proportionally to the concentrations of stress hormones in the circulating …

The aim of this study was to determine whether blood oxygen capacity of waders varies with
respect to migration at both inter-specific and individual level. To verify this hypothesis we …

The information on the phenotypic and ecological factors that influence hemoglobin
concentration in free-living birds is scarce. In order to recognize sources of variation in …

Advancement of spring migration in response to recent global climate change is well
documented for a variety of bird species, but the pattern for autumn migration is rather …