Gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs) have transformed magnetic resonance imaging
(MRI) by facilitating the use of contrast-enhanced MRI to allow vital clinical diagnosis in a …

Neurofluids is a term introduced to define all fluids in the brain and spine such as blood,
cerebrospinal fluid, and interstitial fluid. Neuroscientists in the past millennium have steadily …

Aquaporin channels facilitate bidirectional water flow in all cells and tissues. AQP4 is highly
expressed in astrocytes. In the CNS, it is enriched in astrocyte endfeet, at synapses, and at …

Recent evidence has shown the existence of a CNS 'waste clearance'system, defined as the
glymphatic system. Glymphatic abnormalities have been described in several …

Meningeal lymphatic vessels have been described in animal studies, but limited comparable
data is available in human studies. Here we show dural lymphatic structures along the dural …

Objective Choroid plexus (CP) is a key regulator in cerebrospinal fluid production, but its
contribution to glymphatic clearance function and association with white matter …

The concept of the glymphatic system was proposed more than a decade ago as a
mechanism for interstitial fluid flow and waste removal in the central nervous system. The …

The glymphatic system is a recently discovered network unique to the central nervous
system that allows for dynamic exchange of interstitial fluid (ISF) and cerebrospinal fluid …

The importance of the perivascular space (PVS) as one of the imaging markers of cerebral
small vessel disease (CSVD) has been widely appreciated by the neuroradiologists. The …

In 2014, for the first time, visible hyperintensities on unenhanced T1-weighted images in the
nucleus dentatus and globus pallidus of the brain were associated with previous Gadolinium …