This paper presents a comprehensive survey of ChatGPT-related (GPT-3.5 and GPT-4)
research, state-of-the-art large language models (LLM) from the GPT series, and their …

Large language models (LLMs) are a special class of pretrained language models (PLMs)
obtained by scaling model size, pretraining corpus and computation. LLMs, because of their …

Ever since the Turing Test was proposed in the 1950s, humans have explored the mastering
of language intelligence by machine. Language is essentially a complex, intricate system of …

The emergence of large language models (LLMs) has marked a significant breakthrough in
natural language processing (NLP), fueling a paradigm shift in information acquisition …

The quality of texts generated by natural language generation (NLG) systems is hard to
measure automatically. Conventional reference-based metrics, such as BLEU and ROUGE …

This article presents a comprehensive and practical guide for practitioners and end-users
working with Large Language Models (LLMs) in their downstream Natural Language …

Human evaluation is indispensable and inevitable for assessing the quality of texts
generated by machine learning models or written by humans. However, human evaluation is …

Text evaluation has historically posed significant challenges, often demanding substantial
labor and time cost. With the emergence of large language models (LLMs), researchers …

Large language models (LLMs) have recently experienced tremendous popularity and are
widely used from casual conversations to AI-driven programming. However, despite their …

Over the last few years, large language models (LLMs) have emerged as the most important
breakthroughs in natural language processing (NLP) that fundamentally transform research …