Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease
worldwide. Motor deficits usually associated with PD correlate with dopaminergic axonal …

Adverse outcome pathways (AOPs) are a recent toxicological construct that connects, in a
formalized, transparent and quality-controlled way, mechanistic information to apical …

Oxidative stress resulting from the accumulation of high levels of reactive oxygen species is
a salient feature of, and a well-recognised pathological factor for, diverse pathologies. One …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the gradual loss
of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and the accumulation of α-synuclein …

Aims The family of kynurenine pathway (KP) metabolites includes compounds produced
along two arms of the path and acting in clearly opposite ways. The equilibrium between …

Multiple non-animal-based test methods have never been formally validated. In order to use
such new approach methods (NAMs) in a regulatory context, criteria to define their …

Recent studies suggest that astrocytes released a great quantity of EVs (AEVs) to
communicate with other brain cells. Under pathological conditions, AEVs are widely …

Use of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist or dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitor has been
shown to lower the incidence of Parkinson's disease in patients with diabetes mellitus …

Mitochondrial dysfunction, which is directly involved in Parkinson's disease (PD), is
characterized by the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and aberrant energy …

The motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD) mainly arise from degeneration of
dopamine neurons within the substantia nigra. As no disease-modifying PD therapies are …