In species with separate sexes, females and males often differ in their morphology,
physiology and behaviour. Such sex‐specific traits are functionally linked to variation in …

Although competition between females is one of the cornerstones of the theory of natural
selection, most studies of reproductive competition have focussed principally on mating …

In several taxonomic groups, females mate with several males during a single reproductive
cycle. Although there is evidence that polyandry provides some benefits to females, it often …

In animal societies, control over resources and reproduction is often biased towards one
sex. Yet, the ecological and evolutionary underpinnings of male–female power asymmetries …

Ungulates exhibit diverse mating systems that range from monogamous pair territories to
highly polygynous leks. We review mating systems and behaviors across ungulates and …

In most mammals, both sexes display different survival patterns, often involving faster
senescence in males. Being under intense sexual competition to secure mating …

Mating with multiple partners is common across species, and understanding how individual
males secure fertilization in the face of competition remains a fundamental goal of …

Social systems are the outcomes of natural and sexual selection on individuals' efforts to
maximize reproductive success. Ecological conditions, life history, demography traits and …

Bateman's principle, which states that male reproductive success should increase with
multiple mating, whereas female reproductive success should not, has long been used to …

Understanding causes of between-sex differences in survival patterns is a long-standing
challenge in evolutionary biology. Interspecific differences in male allocation to sexual …