Microrobots have attracted the attention of scientists owing to their unique features to
accomplish tasks in hard-to-reach sites in the human body. Microrobots can be precisely …

Abstract Micro‐/nanorobots (m‐bots) have attracted significant interest due to their suitability
for applications in biomedical engineering and environmental remediation. Particularly, their …

3D printing (also called “additive manufacturing” or “rapid prototy**”) is able to translate
computer-aided and designed virtual 3D models into 3D tangible constructs/objects through …

Untethered small-scale machines (USSMs) that can actively adjust their motion,
deformation, and collective states in response to external stimuli have gained enormous …

Since the pioneering work of Kawata and colleagues in 1997, multi‐photon 3D laser
printing, also known as direct laser writing, has made significant advancements in a wide …

Microrobots have been developed for applications in the submillimeter domain such as the
manipulation of micro-objects and microsurgery. Rapid progress has been achieved in …

In the last decades, additive manufacturing (AM), also called three-dimensional (3D)
printing, has advanced micro/nano-fabrication technologies, especially in applications like …

Micro/nanorobots are functional devices in microns, at nanoscale, which enable efficient
propulsion through chemical reactions or external physical field, including ultrasonic, optical …

Direct laser lithography (DLL) is a key enabling technology for 3D constructs at the
microscale and its potential is rapidly growing toward the development of active …

In recent decades, the integration of microfluidic devices and multiple actuation technologies
at the microscale has greatly contributed to the progress of related fields. In particular …