The previous decade has seen a rapid increase in microglial studies on pain, with a unique
focus on microgliosis in the spinal cord after nerve injury and neuropathic pain. Numerous …

Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common degenerative joint disease and a major cause of
pain and disability in adult individuals. The etiology of OA includes joint injury, obesity …

Neuropathic pain is a frequent condition caused by a lesion or disease of the central or
peripheral somatosensory nervous system. A frequent cause of peripheral neuropathic pain …

Neuroinflammation has positive and negative effects. This review focuses on the roles of
macrophage in the PNS. Transection of PNS axons leads to degeneration and clearance of …

Current analgesics predominately modulate pain transduction and transmission in neurons
and have limited success in controlling disease progression. Accumulating evidence …

Activation of glial cells and neuro–glial interactions are emerging as key mechanisms
underlying chronic pain. Accumulating evidence has implicated 3 types of glial cells in the …

Macrophages are central to the pathophysiology of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). They constitute
the main source of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines such as TNF and IL-1β, they …

Inflammation is the process by which an organism responds to tissue injury involving both
immune cell recruitment and mediator release. Diverse causes of neuropathic pain are …

Neuropathic pain resulting from damage or dysfunction of the nervous system is a highly
debilitating chronic pain state and is often resistant to currently available treatments. It has …

The original formulation of Gate Control Theory (GCT) proposed that the perception of pain
produced by spinal cord signaling to the brain depends on a balance of activity generated in …