Presently, conventional technologies in water treatment are not efficient enough to
completely mineralize refractory water contaminants. In this context, the implementation of …

Nowadays, due to the economic and industrial development, water contaminated with heavy
metals is a significant concern and one of the acute global environmental problems …

Environment pollution is at its peak and is creating havoc for living beings. Industrial wastes
containing toxic pollutants have contributed to a great extent in this disastrous environment …

The heavy metals cadmium (Cd) and chromium (Cr) are extensively used in industry and
result in water and soil contamination. The highly toxic Cd (II) and Cr (VI) are the most …

Global mechanization, urbanization, and various natural processes have led to the
increased release of toxic compounds into the biosphere. These hazardous toxic pollutants …

Chromium is one of the major inorganic environmental pollutants, which is added in the
environment through various natural and anthropogenic activities and exists mainly in two …

Hexavalent chromium is of particular environmental concern due to its toxicity and mobility
and is challenging to remove from industrial wastewater. It is a strong oxidizing agent that is …

Cadmium (Cd) is one of the most important toxic environmental heavy metals. Cd pollutes
the environment mainly from mining, metallurgy industry, pigments and plastic stabilizers …

Chromium is a naturally occurring element found in rocks, animals, plants, soil and in
volcanic dust and gases. It exists in different oxidation states that range from+ 2 to+ 6. The …

Abstract Hexavalent chromium [Cr (VI)] contamination is one of the main problems of
environmental protection because the Cr (VI) is a hazard to human health. The Cr (VI) form …