Protein kinases are major players in various signal transduction pathways. Understanding
the molecular mechanisms behind plant responses to biotic and abiotic stresses has …

Plant hormones are a group of small signaling molecules produced by plants at very low
concentrations that have the ability to move and function at distal sites. Hormone …

In nature, plants constantly have to face pathogen attacks. However, plant disease rarely
occurs due to efficient immune systems possessed by the host plants. Pathogens are …

The pivotal role of phytohormones during fruit development and ripening is considered
established knowledge in plant biology. Perhaps less well-known is the growing body of …

Plants are under relentless challenge by pathogenic bacteria, fungi, and oomycetes, for
whom they provide a resource of living space and nutrients. Upon detection of pathogens …

Next to numerous abiotic stresses, plants are constantly exposed to a variety of pathogens
within their environment. Thus, their ability to survive and prosper during the course of …

Light is crucial for plant life, and perception of the light environment dictates plant growth,
morphology, and developmental changes. Such adjustments in growth and development in …

Silver birch (Betula pendula) is a pioneer boreal tree that can be induced to flower within 1
year. Its rapid life cycle, small (440-Mb) genome, and advanced germplasm resources make …

Cold stress responses in plants are highly sophisticated events that alter the biochemical
composition of cells for protection from damage caused by low temperatures. In addition …

Soil salinity is one of the most commonly encountered environmental stresses affecting plant
growth and crop productivity. Accordingly, plants have evolved a variety of morphological …