Extreme environmental features can drive the evolution of extreme phenotypes. Over the
course of evolution, certain environmental changes may be so drastic that they lead to …

Dark caves lacking primary productivity can expose subterranean animals to hypoxia. We
used the surface-dwelling (surface fish) and cave-dwelling (cavefish) morphs of Astyanax …

Eye loss occurs convergently in numerous animal phyla as an adaptation to dark
environments. We investigate the cave planarian Girardia multidiverticulata (Gm), a …

Cave animals are an excellent model system for studying adaptive evolution. At present,
however, little is known about the mechanisms that enable surface colonizers to survive in …

Molecular studies have shown that Neotropical fishes of the order Characiformes have
undergone two independent events of cave colonization. Among these fishes are the …

The teleost Astyanax mexicanus is a single species with surface dwelling (surface fish) and
cave dwelling (cavefish) morphs. Constructive and regressive traits have evolved in cavefish …

A wide variety of fish, amphibians, and arthropods have colonized cave environments
deploying complex suites of morphological, physiological, and behavioral traits specifically …

Extreme environmental features can drive the evolution of extreme phenotypes. Over the
course of evolution, certain environmental changes may be so drastic that they lead to …