Flavonoids are characterized as the low molecular weight polyphenolic compounds
universally distributed in planta. They are a chemically varied group of secondary …

Flavonoids are plant specialized metabolites that consist of one oxygenated and two
aromatic rings. Different flavonoids are grouped according to the oxidation degree of the …

Arsenic (As) is a highly toxic contaminant in the environment. Although both inorganic and
organic types of arsenic exist in the environment, the most common inorganic forms of As …

Chromium (Cr) is a toxic heavy metal for both animals and plants. The multifunctional
signaling molecule melatonin can confer plant tolerance to heavy metal stress, but the …

Terrestrial organisms and ecosystems are being exposed to new and rapidly changing
combinations of solar UV radiation and other environmental factors because of ongoing …

Plants detoxify toxic metal (loid) s by accumulating diverse metabolites. Beside scavenging
excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced by metal (loid) s, some metabolites chelate …

Due to unprecedented climate change, rapid industrialization and increasing use of
agrochemicals, abiotic stress, such as drought, low temperature, high salinity and heavy …

Flavonoids play diverse roles in plants, comprise a non-negligible fraction of net primary
photosynthetic production, and impart beneficial effects in human health from a plant-based …

Due to their sessile nature, plants cannot escape adverse environmental conditions and
evolved mechanisms to cope with sudden environmental changes. The reaction to …

Flavonoids are specialized metabolites largely widespread in plants where they play
numerous roles including defense and signaling under stress conditions. These compounds …