The 1921 discovery of insulin was a Big Bang from which a vast and expanding universe of
research into insulin action and resistance has issued. In the intervening century, some …

GLUT proteins are encoded by the SLC2 genes and are members of the major facilitator
superfamily of membrane transporters. Fourteen GLUT proteins are expressed in the human …

Despite daily fasting and feeding, plasma glucose levels are normally maintained within a
narrow range owing to the hormones insulin and glucagon. Insulin increases glucose …

Few physiological parameters are more tightly and acutely regulated in humans than blood
glucose concentration. The major cellular mechanism that diminishes blood glucose when …

Cells require growth factors to support glucose metabolism for survival and growth. It is
unclear, however, how noninsulin growth factors may regulate glucose uptake and glucose …

The Akt (PKB) protein kinases are critical regulators of human physiology that control an
impressive array of diverse cellular functions, including the modulation of growth, survival …

Glucose is the major energy source for mammalian cells as well as an important substrate
for protein and lipid synthesis. Mammalian cells take up glucose from extracellular fluid into …

Insulin signalling is uniquely required for storing energy as fat in humans. While de novo
synthesis of fatty acids and triacylglycerol occurs mostly in liver, adipose tissue is the primary …

Vesicular traffic of the glucose transporter GLUT4 occurs in response to insulin, muscle
contraction, and metabolic stimuli that lead to changes in the energy status of the cell. These …

AMPK is an evolutionary conserved sensor of cellular energy status that is activated during
exercise. Pharmacological activation of AMPK promotes glucose uptake, fatty acid oxidation …