Abstract Based on the Baltic Earth Assessment Reports of this thematic issue in Earth
System Dynamics and recent peer-reviewed literature, current knowledge of the effects of …

Climate change has multiple effects on Baltic Sea species, communities and ecosystem
functioning through changes in physical and biogeochemical environmental characteristics …

Local and global changes associated with anthropogenic activities are impacting marine
and terrestrial ecosystems. Macroalgae, especially habitat-forming species like kelp, play …

The increasing awareness of man-made environmental impact of our modern highly
industrialized societies has led to an increasing demand of natural products representing …

Ocean acidification (OA) is generally assumed to negatively impact calcification rates of
marine organisms. At a local scale however, biological activity of macrophytes may generate …

Gradual climate change and discrete extreme climatic events have driven shifts in the
structure of populations and the distribution of species in many marine ecosystems. The …

Marine heatwaves are global phenomena that can have major impacts on the structure and
function of coastal ecosystems. By mid-2014, the Pacific Marine Heatwave (PMH) was …

Many coastal and offshore fish species are highly dependent on specific habitat types for
population maintenance. In the Baltic Sea, shallow productive habitats in the coastal zone …

Ulva species have been considered as ideal candidates for carbon capture, bioremediation
and biofuel production. However, little is known regarding the effects of simultaneous ocean …

Ocean warming (OW) and marine heatwaves (MHWs) rapidly transform marine ecosystems,
especially when they impact keystone or foundation species. Foundation species such as …