Evidence is provided for a new conceptualization of the connectivity and functions of the
cingulate cortex in emotion, action, and memory. The anterior cingulate cortex receives …

The orbitofrontal cortex and amygdala are involved in emotion and in motivation, but the
relationship between these functions performed by these brain structures is not clear. To …

Compulsion is a cardinal symptom of drug addiction (severe substance use disorder).
However, compulsion is observed in only a small proportion of individuals who repeatedly …

Biomarkers have transformed modern medicine but remain largely elusive in psychiatry,
partly because there is a weak correspondence between diagnostic labels and their …

This article reviews the behavioral neuroscience of extinction, the phenomenon in which a
behavior that has been acquired through Pavlovian or instrumental (operant) learning …

A decade ago, we hypothesized that drug addiction can be viewed as a transition from
voluntary, recreational drug use to compulsive drug-seeking habits, neurally underpinned by …

This review aims to synthesise a large pre-clinical and clinical literature related to a
hypothesised role of the locus coeruleus norepinephrine system in responses to acute and …

Importance The social motivation hypothesis posits that individuals with autism spectrum
disorder (ASD) find social stimuli less rewarding than do people with neurotypical activity …

Perineuronal nets (PNNs) are unique extracellular matrix structures that wrap around certain
neurons in the CNS during development and control plasticity in the adult CNS. They appear …

The brain mechanisms of fear have been studied extensively using Pavlovian fear
conditioning, a procedure that allows exploration of how the brain learns about and later …