We trace the evolution of research on extreme solar and solar-terrestrial events from the
1859 Carrington event to the rapid development of the last twenty years. Our focus is on the …

We report progress on the ongoing recalibration of the Wolf sunspot number (SN) and group-
sunspot number (GN) following the release of version 2.0 of SN in 2015. This report …

Aims. The 11-year solar cycle (Schwabe cycle) is the dominant pattern of solar magnetic
activity reflecting the oscillatory dynamo mechanism in the Sun's convection zone. Solar …

The Sun is the main energy source to Earth, and understanding its variability is of direct
relevance to climate studies. Measurements of total solar irradiance (TSI) exist since 1978 …

The pre-industrial millennium is among the periods selected by the Paleoclimate Model
Intercomparison Project (PMIP) for experiments contributing to the sixth phase of the …

Recently, it has been confirmed that extreme solar proton events can lead to significantly
increased atmospheric production rates of cosmogenic radionuclides. Evidence of such …

Abstract The Medieval Climate Anomaly (MCA) is a climatic perturbation with a core period
of 1000-1200 AD that is well-recognized in the Northern Hemisphere (NH). Its existence in …

Context. There is no consensus on the amplitude of historical solar forcing. The estimated
magnitude of the total solar irradiance (TSI) difference between the Maunder minimum and …

Abstract The Medieval Climate Anomaly (MCA) is a preindustrial phase of pronounced
natural climate variability with a core period from 1000 to 1200 CE. The paper presents a …

With the increasing concern about climate change, it is important to have accurate
information on the individual contributions by the potential driving agents, solar variability …