Protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) are a class of proteins with tyrosine kinase activity that
phosphorylate tyrosine residues of critical molecules in signaling pathways. Their basal …

Liver fibrosis is a substantial risk factor for the development and progression of liver cancer,
which includes hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma …

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is an immunotherapy-resistant malignancy characterized
by high cellular heterogeneity. The diversity of cell types and the interplay between tumor …

Angiogenesis is a hallmark of cancer and is required for tumor growth and progression.
Antiangiogenic therapy has been revolutionarily develo** and was approved for the …

Abstract Background Cancer‐associated fibroblasts (CAFs) play an important role in the
induction of chemo‐resistance. This study aimed to clarify the mechanism underlying CAF …

Cancer models play critical roles in basic cancer research and precision medicine.
However, current in vitro cancer models are limited by their inability to mimic the three …

Three-dimensional cancer organoids derived from self-organizing cancer stems are ex vivo
miniatures of tumors that faithfully recapitulate their structure, distinctive cancer features, and …

Over the past decade, the emergence of patient-derived tumor organoids (PDTOs) has
broadened the repertoire of preclinical models and progressively revolutionized three …

The patient population suffering from pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) presents,
as a whole, with a high degree of molecular tumor heterogeneity. The heterogeneity of …

Simple Summary It was found that long-established tumor-derived cell lines do not
adequately reproduce drug sensitivity and behavior of a real human cancers. Therefore …