Breast cancer remains a leading cause of cancer-related mortality in women, reflecting
profound disease heterogeneity, metastasis, and therapeutic resistance. Over the last …

Breast cancer heterogeneity determines cancer progression, treatment effects, and
prognosis. However, the precise mechanism for this heterogeneity remains unknown owing …

The natural history of cancers can be understood through the lens of evolution given that the
driving forces of cancer development are mutation and selection of fitter clones. Cancer …

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) encompasses a heterogeneous group of
fundamentally different diseases with different histologic, genomic, and immunologic …

Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) represents pre-invasive breast carcinoma. In untreated
cases, 25–60% DCIS progress to invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC). The challenge lies in …

The state and behaviour of a cell can be influenced by both genetic and environmental
factors. In particular, tumour progression is determined by underlying genetic aberrations …

Clinical and laboratory studies over recent decades have established branched evolution as
a feature of cancer. However, while grounded in somatic selection, several lines of evidence …

Cancer is one of the most concerning public health issues and breast cancer is one of the
most common cancers in the world. The immune cells within the tumor microenvironment …

Metastasis is the main cause of death for patients with breast cancer. Many studies have
characterized the genomic landscape of breast cancer during its early stages. However …

From a clinical, morphological and molecular perspective, prostate cancer is a
heterogeneous disease. Primary prostate cancers are often multifocal, having …