Although the amygdala plays an important part in the pathogenesis of anxiety and
generation of exteroceptive fear, recent discoveries have challenged the directionality of this …

The sensation that develops as a long breath hold continues is what this article is about. We
term this sensation of an urge to breathe 'air hunger'. Air hunger, a primal sensation, alerts …

Rodents are the most widely used species for scientific purposes. A critical pre-requisite of
their use, based on utilitarian ethical reasoning, is the provision of a humane death when …

Simple Summary Millions of laboratory animals are killed each year worldwide. However,
there is a lack of consensus regarding what methods of killing are humane for many species …

The aim of this article is to critically examine inferences regarding felt emotions in animals
based on various types of experimental and observational evidence resulting from …

Some experts suggest that sedation of laboratory rodents with isoflurane before euthanasia
with carbon dioxide (CO2) is a humane alternative to euthanasia with CO2 alone, but little …

Background: Open Access Commentary Humanely Ending the Life of Animals: Research
Priorities to Identify Alternatives to Carbon Dioxide by Aline R. Steiner 1, Shannon Axiak …

Pain has a profound effect on an animal's wellbeing. In Germany, researchers using animals
have been legally required to reduce any possible pain, suffering, distress or lasting harm to …

The aim of this review is to summarize evidence regarding rat emotional experiences during
carbon dioxide (CO2) exposure. The studies reviewed show that CO2 exposure is aversive …

Laboratory rodents are commonly euthanized by exposure to gradually increasing
concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO2). Current recommended flow rates range between 10 …