Metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC) with a mismatch repair-deficiency (MMR-
D)/microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H) phenotype carries unique characteristics such as …

Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) induces a pleiotropic pathway that is modulated by the
cellular context and its integration with other signaling pathways. In cancer, the pleiotropic …

The therapeutic potential of host-specific and tumour-specific immune responses is well
recognized and, after many years, active immunotherapies directed at inducing or …

Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) is a multifunctional growth factor that has profound
regulatory effects on many developmental and physiological processes. Disruption of the …

Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is a potent regulatory cytokine with diverse effects on
hemopoietic cells. The pivotal function of TGF-β in the immune system is to maintain …

Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β cytokines signal via a complex network of pathways to
regulate proliferation, differentiation, adhesion, migration, and other functions in many cell …

Interferon-γ (IFN-γ) is a pleiotrophic cytokine with immunomodulatory effects on a variety of
immune cells. Mice with a targeted disruption of the IFN-γ gene were generated. These mice …

Adult bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells offer the potential to open a new
frontier in medicine. Regenerative medicine aims to replace effete cells in a broad range of …

Strict control of T-cell homeostasis is required to permit normal immune responses and
prevent undesirable self-targeted responses. Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) has …

Microglia, which contribute substantially to the tumor mass of glioblastoma, have been
shown to play an important role in glioma growth and invasion. While a large number of …