Originating in the equatorial Pacific, the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) has highly
consequential global impacts, motivating the need to understand its responses to …

This work documents the first version of the US Department of Energy (DOE) new Energy
Exascale Earth System Model (E3SMv1). We focus on the standard resolution of the fully …

2 Chapter 2 assesses observed large-scale changes in climate system drivers, key climate
indicators and 3 principal modes of variability. Chapter 3 considers model performance and …

The mid-Holocene (6000 years ago) is a standard experiment for the evaluation of the
simulated response of global climate models using paleoclimate reconstructions. The latest …

El Niño has been recorded to change its properties since the 1980s, characterized by more
common extreme El Niño and Central Pacific (CP) El Niño events. However, it is still unclear …

There is a long-standing debate on how the El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) amplitude
may change during the twenty-first century in response to global warming. Here we identify …

Most annually resolved climate reconstructions of the Common Era are based on terrestrial
data, making it a challenge to independently assess how recent climate changes have …

Hundreds of coral paleoclimate records have been developed over the past several
decades, significantly extending the instrumental record and improving our understanding of …

Understanding the response of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) to global warming
requires quantitative data on ENSO under different climate regimes. Here, we present a …

Abstract The El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) represents the largest source of year‐to‐
year global climate variability. While Earth system models suggest a range of possible shifts …