It is well known that glutamate (Glu), a neurotransmitter in human body, is a protein amino
acid. It plays a very important role in plant growth and development. Nowadays, Glu has …

Nitric oxide (NO) is a gaseous reactive oxygen species (ROS) that has evolved as a
signaling hormone in many physiological processes in animals. In plants it has been …

Pollen-pistil interactions establish interspecific/intergeneric pre-zygotic hybridization barriers
in plants. The rejection of undesired pollen at the stigma is crucial to avoid outcrossing but …

Species that propagate by sexual reproduction actively guard against the fertilization of an
egg by multiple sperm (polyspermy). Flowering plants rely on pollen tubes to transport their …

Climate change-induced increases in the frequency of extreme weather events, particularly
heatwaves, are a serious threat to crop productivity. The productivity of grain crops is …

Compared with the animal kingdom, fertilization is particularly complex in flowering plants
(angiosperms). Sperm cells of angiosperms have lost their motility and require transportation …

The gametophyte represents the sexual phase in the alternation of generations in plants; the
other, nonsexual phase is the sporophyte. Here, we review the evolutionary origins of the …

In flowering plants, sperm are transported inside pollen tubes to the female gametophyte for
fertilization. The female gametophyte induces rupture of the penetrating pollen tube …

Phytohormone-like plant growth regulators are becoming hallmarks in plant stress biology
since they can offer incredible benefits to plants, such as increased crop output, improved …

In plants, exocyst subunit isoforms exhibit significant functional diversity in that they are
involved in either protein secretion or autophagy, both of which are essential for plant …